dia e hora: quinta-feira - 13h40-17h
professor: Ulysses Pinheiro
e-mail: filosofiaifcs@gmail.com
Programa:
Racismo e filosofia moderna: o caso Kant
O
conceito moderno de raça foi inventado entre os séculos XVIII e XIX, tendo seu
momento mais determinante no assim chamado “Iluminismo” europeu. Um dos
principais artífices do conceito de raça foi Immanuel Kant: ao longo de seu
percurso intelectual, ele fez parte de polêmicas que colaboraram decisivamente
para dar à ideia de que os seres humanos eram divididos em raças um (falso,
hoje sabemos) estatuto “científico”. Além disso, Kant não se furtou a endossar
as implicações racistas contidas na noção de raça, especialmente ao fazer o
elogio da “raça branca” e ao associar à “raça negra” características como
inaptidão para o trabalho criativo, preguiça, estupidez, selvageria.
O
primeiro objetivo do curso é ler criticamente alguns dos textos de Kant sobre
raça, tomando como eixo central seu artigo intitulado Sobre o uso de
princípios teleológicos na filosofia (1788) – mas remetendo também a textos
de juventude e a escritos póstumos –, de modo a entender as articulações
conceituais e políticas das teses racistas que encontramos neles. Trata-se, em
suma, de mostrar como essas articulações não podem ser separadas de alguns
elementos essenciais das teorias kantianas mais gerais sobre o conhecimento,
sobre a ética e sobre a natureza humana.
O
segundo objetivo do curso é examinar algumas críticas que foram dirigidas a
Kant por parte de filósofos contemporâneos. Começaremos esse exame crítico pelo
texto de Paul Gilroy intitulado “Modernidade e infra-humanidade” (2004), o qual
expõe a relação íntima entre o pensamento moderno e o racismo. Em seguida,
estudaremos o texto de Charles Mills, “Os Untermenschen de Kant” (2005),
que explica o racismo kantiano no contexto do que Mills denomina “Contrato
Racial”, situado na base das assim chamadas “democracias liberais” do Ocidente.
Em terceiro lugar, discutiremos a “Introdução” do recente livro de Huaping
Lu-Adler, Kant, raça e racismo (2023), no qual ela não só critica a
abordagem liberal de Mills como responde a várias tentativas de “defesa” de
Kant por parte de alguns de seus principais comentadores. Finalmente,
examinaremos uma proposta de radicalização das críticas de Gilroy, Mills e
Lu-Adler contida no pensamento do filósofo Calvin Warren, particularmente no
artigo intitulado “Niilismo negro e a política da esperança” (2015). Nessa
conclusão do curso, trata-se de mostrar como o pensamento negro radical
contemporâneo assinala as aporias do que Warren chama de “humanismo negro”,
também ele derivado do Iluminismo e, não podemos nos esquecer, das obras de
vários autores canônicos da filosofia moderna.
Avaliação: Uma prova e um trabalho final.
- Aula de 3 de julho:
- "Niilismo Negro e a Política da Esperança", de Calvin Warren.
- "Introdução" de Kant, raça e racismo, de Huaping Lu-Adler. (tradução de Martha Novaes).
- "Introduction" of Kant, Race, and Racism, by Huaping Lu-Adler.
- Notas de rodapé de Kant, Race, and Racism, de Huaping Lu-Adler.
- Bibliografia de Kant, Race, and Racism, de Huaping Lu-Adler.
- Material extra:
- "Kant, Race, and Racism": Huaping Lu-Adler in conversation with Elvira Basevich.
- TRABALHO FINAL:
O trabalho final deve ser preferencialmente impresso. O limite do trabalho é de quatro páginas (fonte Times New Roman, tamanho 12, espaço 1,5). Se o trabalho final for manuscrito, seu limite de páginas é o mesmo do trabalho impresso. O trabalho final pode ser feito segundo um dos dois modelos seguintes:
1- Explique o argumento de Huaping Lu-Adler, exposto na "Introdução" de seu livro Kant, raça e racismo (ver texto acima), para provar que não há uma contradição entre o "universalismo moral" de Kant e seu "particularismo racista". Avalie a validade desse argumento e o associe ao texto de Kant estudado durante o curso, Sobre o uso de princípios teleológicos na filosofia.
2- Proponha um tema de trabalho que aproxime a "Introdução" do livro Kant, raça e racismo, de Huaping Lu-Adler (ver texto acima), de uma eventual pesquisa em filosofia que você esteja desenvolvendo atualmente. Nesse caso, uma proposta de um parágrafo, contendo o resumo e a estrutura do trabalho, deve ser apresentada com antecedência ao professor, para que ele autorize sua realização.
- data da entrega do trabalho: 17 de julho de 2025
- local da entrega do trabalho: sala de aula, entre 13:40h e 14:30h
- Textos lidos:
- Introdução da Crítica da faculdade de julgar, de Immanuel Kant.
- "Modenidade e Infra-humanidade", de Paul Gilroy (in: Entre campos: nações, cultura e o fascínio da raça).
- "Sobre o uso de princípios teleológicos na filosofia", de Immanuel Kant.
- "Sentimento de prazer e consideração teleológica da natureza na Crítica do juízo", de Pedro Pimenta.
- O contrato racial, "Visão geral", de Charles W. Mills.
- Leituras relacionadas:
- "Negros em Programas de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia no Brasil", de Fernando Sá Moreira.
- "Mulheres que orientam mulheres: A filosofia em perspectiva comparada", de Carolina Araújo et al.
Bibliografia:
GILROY, Paul. “Modernidade e infra-humanidade”. In: Entre campos. Nações, culturas e o fascínio da raça. São Paulo: Annablume, 2007, p. 77-122.
LU-ADLER, Huaping. “Introdução” de Kant, raça e racismo. [Traduzido de Kant, Race, and Racism. Views from Somewhere. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023].
KANT, Immanuel. Sobre o uso de princípios teleológicos na filosofia. Tradução de Manuela Ribeiro Sanches.
______. Das diversas raças humanas (1775) e Definição do conceito de raça humana (1785). In: A invenção do “Homem”. Raça, cultura e história na Alemanha do século XVIII. Seleção e tradução de Manuela Ribeiro Sanches. Lisboa: Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa, 2002, p.103-115; 116-130.
MILLS, Charles W. “Os Untermenschen de Kant”. [Traduzido de “Kant’s Untermenschen”. In: Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (ed. por Andrew Valls). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 169-193].
WARREN, Calvin. “Niilismo negro e a política da esperança”, 2015. (Tradução Bibliopreta, 2024; título Original: Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope, 2015. Esta é uma tradução Bibliopreta. Ela pode e deve ser circulada, compartilhada, citada e revisada livremente. Conheça @bibliopreta (Twitter e Instagram) ou entre em contato em bibliopreta@gmail.com).
Bibliografia secundária:
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